The Viological Review Of Cochrane Review - 857 Words

This study is a Cochrane Review, it included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 2 weeks duration comparing antihypertensive medication against placebo, hypertensive medication from different doses, and monotherapy hypertensive mediation treatments. The criteria of hypertension were defined as a minimum of three readings systolic or diastolic blood pressure or combinations of these two greater than 95th percentile according to the pediatric age, height, and gender. Level of Evidence The level of evidence of this article is level one in accordance with the John Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Evidence Rating Scale (n.d.). Level one is given due to the utilization of RCTs and the evidence strength. Additionally, in†¦show more content†¦Thus, these critical elements compromise the studies internal validity. Additionally, the study external validity was integrated into the sample which included children from age 0 to 18 years. Children with chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, and children with malignant hypertension were also included. However, the sample does not specify ethnicity or background for those children. The sample mean age was 9 years, but the participants gender was not specified. The effects of the research environment were eliminated by completing the studies in the healthcare clinical settings. Moreover, the methodology of the data collection seems to be adequate. The generalization of this study could b e made to children cero to eighteen-years-old. Consequently, this study can be applicable to the PICO question presented earlier in this paper. However, the study fails to provide detail information with regard to diet and exercise as well as obesity. Subsequently, the lack of information on diet, exercise and obesity cannot contribute to answering this research paper. CRAAP This article was published in 2014 which is considered contemporaneous and current. A total number of references listed were seventy, the oldest reference was from 1983. Additionally, even to the study does not mention diet and exercise, it

Annotated Bibliography On The Holocaust - 1275 Words

Annotated Bibliography Introduction to the Holocaust. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2016. Summary: This article was an introduction to the Holocaust. The German Nazi’s thought that the Jews were a community. Not only the Jews were targeted, anyone with a racial inferiority was targeted. For example, although the Jews were the main threat the gypsies, Jehovah’s witnesses, and homosexuals and the disabled were also targeted. The Holocaust was a way to decrease the Jewish population; the final solution was to murder the Jews of Europe or anyone that was a threat to their German culture. Many died of incarceration and maltreatment. During the war they created ghettos, forced-labor camps between 1941 and 1944 the Nazi German Authorities would deport the Jews to extermination camps where they were murdered in gassing facilities. May 7, 1945 the German armed forces surrendered to the allies. After the Holocaust, many survivors found shelter in displaced shelter camps provided by the allied powers. Evaluation: This was a useful source; I liked how it told you about the holocaust and pointed out the major factors so you can get an idea about what happened and how things were handled. I feel that the source is reliable and it compared to other sites that I researched. I don’t feel that the source was biased I feel that it gave you enough facts. Reflection: This source is very helpful to me for myShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Holocaust and Preventing it Happening Again1025 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding The Holocaust and Preventing it Happening Again The human tragedy of the Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of millions of Jews by the Nazi regime during World War II. The adversity of this persecution influenced not only the European arena, but also peoples from all over the globe and their ideas. The impact caused by this ethnic cleansing was enormous. Peoples lives were drastically changed as they were persecuted and tortured. Families were taken out of their homes andRead MoreThe Current Mla Format And Guidelines1511 Words   |  7 PagesMrs. Pruitt’s Research Paper Guide Paper Requirements †¢ The length of the research paper must be no less than 1,500-words and no more than 2,500-words. The 2,500-word limit does not apply to notes or to the annotated bibliography. In-text citations are required. If your sources are not acknowledged, your paper will receive a zero and will be required to be rewritten for a lower grade because this is considered plagiarism. No more than five quotations are allowed in your paper. †¢ The researchRead MoreUnexpected Valor!1209 Words   |  5 PagesDictionary states that the definition of humanitarianism is â€Å"having concern for or helping to improve the welfare and happiness of people,† and one might believe Frank Foley had and did just that. Frank Foley is not a very commonly known hero of the Holocaust because he never once accepted any thanks or retribution for the wonderful things he did (Smith 1-273). He was born in November of 1883 and grew up as a poor son of a locomotive engine fitter(Smith 1-273). He was the third of five children born toRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography of Articles on Media Literacy550 Words   |  2 PagesLiteracy Annotated Bibliography: Donnelly, K. (2011). 5 Great Media Literacy Programs and How Assess Their Impact. PBS.org. The text by Donnelly (2011) provides our research with a delineation of several new and progressive avenues for media literacy training in an educational context. Here, Donnelly outlines a number of programs being sponsored by an array of respected media or cultural entities. With partners such as PBS, the Federal Trade Commission, the United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumRead MoreThe And The Holocaust : A Breach Of Faith2649 Words   |  11 Pages Teaching the Holocaust The reign of the Holocaust took place between the years of 1933 to 1945, where Jews were persecuted, starved, and murdered by the Nazis. It was December 17, 1942, when the United States joined the Allies to condemn Nazi Germany’s â€Å"bestial policy of cold-blooded extermination of the Jews† (FDR and the Holocaust, FDR Presidential Library and Museum). The thirty-second president of the United States of America, Franklin D. Roosevelt believed that rather than saving more JewsRead MoreEssay on Christianity and Judaism 2727 Words   |  11 PagesMessiah, which was considered a sinful act. The other was as a warning to anyone who might contemplate rejecting Jesus of what will happen. Judaism and Christianity have a long history of animosity. The history of resentment culminated with the Holocaust, which was rooted in bitterness. Despite the tension between Judaism and Christianity, they both should recognize that they have a connection. Christianity is intimately tied to Judaism. The spirituality of Jesus was deeply enmeshed in the JudaismRead MoreThe Characteristics And Psychological Processes Of Genocide And Its Perpetrators2214 Words   |  9 Pageschoose to do (actions make us who we are) – Staub, 1993 CONCLUSION (1/2 -1 page in final paper) — Include this heading in your Outline now. You will be instructed on what to include in the CONCLUSION in the First Submission Instructions. Annotated Bibliography Blass, T. (1991). Understanding behavior in the Milgram obedience experiment: The role of personality, situations, and their interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 398-413. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/p

Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral - 1524 Words

As if someone has unlocked his prison cell to liberate him of his stereotypical point of view. The protagonist of Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† was an individual whose stagnant mind has blind him from truly seeing the aspects and characteristics of people around him. Before meeting his wife’s blind friend whose name is Robert, the protagonist perceives reality with a stereotypical mind-set shaped by misleading information from movies. Hence, he make judgement about other people without ever setting his foot inside their shoes. Robert whose character, in an academic sense acts like a teacher, helps enlighten the protagonist’s mind by through his appearance, and actions. Raymond Carver explores how individuals with stereotypical perspective are metaphorically blind, but he also reassures readers that it is possible for these people to broaden their knowledge when they learn how to be empathetic. One of the first impression that Carver wants his readers t o notice about the protagonist’s stereotypical point of view is that it can stagnate a person’s mind—metaphorically blinding them of the physical world. The intro of the story begins with the protagonist bluntly referring to Robert as â€Å"this blind man, an old friend of my wife’s† (1). Instead of introducing Robert by his name, the protagonist cites him plainly as â€Å"this blind man† reducing Robert’s attribution as a human being. So instead of using a well-off phrase to refer to Robert without using his name. The narrator uses theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1696 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom, or trying to bury alive. Cathedral, written by Raymond Carver, takes place in the early 1980’s. Originally published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981. Carver slightly revised the story and re-released it in 1983. At a time when the blue collar working class lived paycheck to paycheck, working hard for newfound l uxuries such as color television, this short story is humorous and eye-opening for the reader. For adults ranging from thirty to forty years old, the 1980’s were possibly a ghostly, hauntingRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1426 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†: The Narrator Literature has the potential to act as a mirror by presenting people’s lived experiences, expectations, and perceptions through characters. Such is what can be deciphered through the analysis of different characters in Raymond Carver’s story â€Å"Cathedral.† This paper focuses on the narrator of the story portrayed by the author as blind, which is used metaphorically not to imply physical blindness, but the inability to have reasonedRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1006 Words   |  5 Pages Gabrielle Sobolewski English 200 Professor Ruth Jennison 11/12/15 The short story â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver is told from the perspective of a first-person narrator. Throughout the story, the narrator is self-absorbed in his own thoughts and emotions and fails in his willingness to overlook personal insecurities in order to accommodate others’ discomfort, i.e. predominantly his wife and the blind man. In general, the story lacks figurative language and is told in short, directRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 970 Words   |  4 PagesIn Raymond Carver’s short story, â€Å"Cathedral†, we meet the character who is never named, and who is known as the narrator to us. Although the narrator’s character changed towards the end, and we don’t really learn much after the change of his personality, it is still a gradual change that took place. The narrator’s attitude is very important in the story because it revolves around him and the way he views things. This short story is about a m an who is married to a woman, and this woman has been friendsRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1097 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2015 Cathedral by Raymond Carver In this short story by Raymond Carver begins with a man whose wife invited a good friend over named Robert and is blind. Before Roberts Arrival, the wife’s husband, whose name is Bub, does not know what to make out of his wife’s good friend Robert coming over to their house. Carver utilizes a story of a blind man who changes Bub’s outlook in life. Through the narrators changing character, theme of loneliness and jealousy, and the cathedral being a symbolRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 943 Words   |  4 PagesIn Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†, the short story is told by a character within the story. The first-person point of view gives us a transparent visual of an important time in the narrators’ life. The narrator, who is â€Å"un-named† in the beginning of the story, uses blunt, flawless and a particular choice of words. This gives us as the reader a deeper connection with the narrator. The narrator begins this story by taking us through the changes he go through with the uneasy feeling of having a blind-manRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s The Cathedral 863 Words   |  4 Pages One of the Raymond Carver story where we can find a lot of religion symbols; it is â€Å"Cathedral.† The story develops an ironic situation in which a blind man teaches a sighted man to truly â€Å"see† for the first time. Near the end of the story, Carver has these two characters work together on a drawing of a cathedral, which serves as the symbolic heart of the story. The cathedral represents true sight, the ability to see beyond the surface to the true meaning that lies within. The narrator’s drawingRead MoreAn Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1794 Words   |  8 Pages A Cynics Enlightenment Raymond Carver’s short-story Cathedral is outwardly about a pessimistic man, whose wife’s blind visitor named Robert changes the narrators predisposing perception of the world and awakes a new view on life in the process. But inwardly, the story is about the desperate need for connection between these three characters, which isn’t feasible do to the emotional-detachment by the narrator. In the beginning, the narrator is hindered by his prejudices which doesn t allow himRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral2364 Words   |  10 Pagesmost. The same could be said about people who are limited by one or more of their six senses and are judged by the majority of the population who are not limited and make preconceived notions about these limitations which can bind them. Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† explores many literary devices that reveal the pre conceived perception towards people with physical limitations without understanding the indi vidual first, which is still a problem today. The protagonist, the narrator is closed mindedRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1340 Words   |  6 PagesRaymond Carver’s characters were considered to be very much like him: â€Å"’on the edge: of poverty, alcoholic self-destruction, loneliness† (Mays 32). His short story â€Å"Cathedral† is about a young couple, who have a visitor coming to stay with them. This visitor, Robert, is the wife’s friend, and he is blind. The narrator, the husband, has never met someone who is blind, was bothered by that. To him, being blind meant constantly needing help from others. His depiction of blindness was what he has seen

Inclusion What is Best For Students With Disabilities Essay

Are all children created equal? Are they all the same? Do they all need the same things? Can they all excel at the same pace? These and many more questions come up when we discuss the topic of inclusion. Inclusion is the term many educational professionals use to explain the integration of students with special needs into regular education classes. The terms mainstreaming, deinstitutionized, normalization, as well as the least restrictive environment all have been used to in the past to refer to inclusion. Is inclusion what is best for all students with disabilities? What steps need to be taken in order to achieve this goal? If we look back into history of education we can see how far inclusion has come. Before 1965 if a child had a†¦show more content†¦Some disagree with inclusion, thinking that by including children with special needs in a classroom we are going to have to lower the educational standards for the entire classroom. This is just not the case. If inclusion is done right it will increase student’s learning– all students, not just the students with special needs. There are about 11% of students across the United States on Individual Education Plans (IEP) qualifying them for special education. Inclusion is an extremely broad topic, so a bit of background on the programs and have they use inclusion in the middle school where I am working may help to understand. We have four different special education programs; a Developmental Leaning Center (DLC), an Educational Resource Classroom (ERC), Learning Resource Classroom (LRC), and an Emotional Growth Classroom (EGC). Each of these programs caters to different levels and needs of the students. The DLC self-contained classroom is by far the program with the lowest functioning students. This classroom is set up to teach basic life skills needed to survive. They do very little inclusion in this class; some are mainstreamed for P.E. and possibly some electives. An ERC is also a self c ontained classroom and has students who are low in academics as well as behaviors. The students in this program are learning at about a 1st to 4th grade level. This is the program I work in, we mainstream our students for atShow MoreRelatedInclusion For Students With Disabilities834 Words   |  4 Pages Inclusion Position Paper Valerie Simmons University of West Alabama SE 506 Dr. Nichols July 1, 2015 Inclusion in the classroom is a widely debated issue in education today. Inclusive education means that students with disabilities are supported in chronologically age appropriate general education classrooms in schools near their home. These students also receive the specialized instruction outlined by their individualized education programs (IEP s) within the context of the coreRead MoreInclusion Of Special Education Classroom1488 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States to integrate students with disabilities in to general education classrooms. Schools have been making more efforts to increase educational opportunities for students with disabilities, and while there are many benefits to inclusion, there are also many challenges. Inclusion of special education students in a regular education classroom continues to be the center of debate amongst administrators and teachers. Everyone has their own ideas and attitudes towards inclusion, and research studiesRead MoreTeacher s Attitudes Tow ards Inclusion1683 Words   |  7 PagesTeacher’s Attitudes Towards Inclusion Cathy Ferraro Concordia University A Research Report Presented to The Graduate Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Masters in Education Concordia University - Portland 2015 Teacher’s Attitudes Towards Inclusion Inclusive classrooms are being enforced and implemented in classrooms across our country. However, the idea of inclusion and incorporating students with special needs in to a general education classroom stillRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Inclusion For Special Education Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthe pros and cons of inclusion for Special Education children. By definition, Inclusion rejects the use of special schools or classrooms to separate students with disabilities from students without disabilities. Special Education is a topic that is important, even though people may not realize how important it is for the fact that they don’t understand what goes into Special Education for children in schools. â€Å"Negative beliefs many people have about individuals with disabilities may often be basedRead MoreInclusion, The Educational Practice Of Children With Disabilities1728 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion, the educational practice of instructing children with disabilities as well as children without disabilities in one classroom, is a very controversial topic regarding the education of students in today’s society. â€Å"Inclusion seeks to establish collaborative, supportive, and nurturing communities of learners that are based on giving all students the services and accommodations they need to learn, as well as respecting and learning from each other’s individual differences† (Salend 5). TheRead MoreInclusion Is An Understanding Of Terms Dealing With Inclusion1332 Words   |  6 Pages Inclusion remains a controversial concept in education because it relates to educational and social values, as well as to our sense of individual worth. In order to discuss the concept of inclusion, it is first necessary to have an understanding of terms dealing with inclusion. Inclusion is a term which articulates obligation to educate each child, to the maximum level appropriate, in the institution and classroom the students would otherwise attend. It includes bringing the support services toRead MoreIs Inclusion Best For All Students?1352 Words   |  6 PagesAshley Ball Research Paper Is Inclusion Best For All Students? Over the years, there has been a continuous debate over how effective inclusion classes really are for students in school. The whole idea of inclusion classes is to place students in the kind of environment where they can work with other peers who do not need special education and in a sense, not be secluded to just one classroom setting. There are those who feel that students who are in inclusion classes perform better academicallyRead MoreInclusion Of Students With Disabilities1075 Words   |  5 Pagesdecade Inclusion in special education has been a controversial topic among administration, teachers, and parents. Inclusion represents the belief that students with disabilities should be integrated into the general education classroom whether or not they cannot meet traditional curriculum standards. The purpose of the study is to examine the potential advantages and disadvantages of inclusion of students with disabilities into the general education classroom. The hypothesis is t hat students with disabilitiesRead MoreSchools In The Present-Day Society Are Constantly Shifting1294 Words   |  6 Pagesthat schools are aspiring to take effect is inclusion in the daily classroom. Schools are hopeful of the benefits and advances that a program like this could bring. The enactment of inclusion is heavily connected by all students, teachers and parent’s attitudes whether they are voiced positively or negatively. Even though inclusion in classrooms is growing rapidly, there is little data to support its effectiveness. The lack of evidence may be because inclusion is beneficial to a child s social and readingRead MoreInclusion Is The Educational Practice Of Educating Children With Disabilities819 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion is the educational practice of educating children with disabilities in the classroom with children without disabilities. In the past, people believed that children with disabilities were not capable of learning. This thought process h indered children with disabilities from being included in the general education population. After the ruling of Brown v Board of Education, families with children with disabilities began to fight for the rights of their children. Various families believed that

Impact of Fluctuating Rate on International Trade

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Fluctuating Rate on International Trade. Answer: Introduction To be able to carry out this research topic, it is very important for this research to define its topic. This research proposal defines foreign exchange as a comparison of one countrys currency vis a vis the other countries currency. For example we can compare one US dollar to one Indian Rupee. Due to the difference in economic developments of these two countries, it will be found that one currency is stronger than the other. Just to exemplify this, currently one US dollar is equal to about 100 Kshs. Due to globalization, the issue of foreign exchange rates has trickled down to the essence of international trade. Foreign has therefore become a tool to establish the prices of imported goods and services and the prices of exports in the international market. Apart from commodities, foreign exchange also affects the strength of various sectors when it comes to participation in the international market. Developing countries or emerging economies whose currencies are weaker compared to their developed counterparts have got it rough when it comes to international trade. For their prices to remain competitive in the international market, they use a lot of money locally to produce the goods. This means that at the end of the day they will have to fetch less profit due to the high competition when it comes to fixing the selling price of the goods. When importing too, the developing or emerging economies use a lot of money to import the products that they cannot produce. This in turn makes the imported products to appear very expensive for the locals hence discouraging import trade. This makes the countries to export more so as to get less import which is supposedly equal to the exports. This has always been making the developing countries to suffer from imbalance of trade deficit. Due to the impact of globalization the business has no boundary, it crosses across the border. Moreover, as different countries have their own currencies their and own valuations thus, money exchange across the border play important role in international business (Grimwade, 2000). However, the exchange rates among different currencies do not remain same all the time but it varies time to time due to several factors. The fluctuation of different currencies impact on the international business deals and thus, it has been taken as prospective research topic for this research proposal. Background of research The initiation of the international trade has been in existence from ancient age, and then barter method was the process of exchanging goods among the traders. Afterwards, in order to facilitate the business use of currencies begun. However, because of different various factor the exchange rate has been fluctuated in constant basis (International Crude Oil Trade, Year 2013, 2015). The economic performance of country, overall financial and business performance of the country, interest rate parity, inflation rate, and employment rate play significant role in the fluctuation of the currency price in foreign exchange market (Rosenberg, 2003). The fluctuation of FX Rate has significant impact on the business communities, specifically the companies playing in the international market means the exporters and the importers are mainly affected by the FX Rate fluctuations (International Refined Products Trade, Year 2014, 2015). The particular research is on the FX Rate fluctuation and its impa ct on the domestic businesses, which plays globally. Various nations of the world are endowed with various natural resources and not all nations have all they need for their development. To acquire what they do not have necessitated the introduction of international trade. Many goods are acquired from other countries by being imported from the countries where they are in plenty. Due to the extent of globalization there was need to adopt a common currency which would then be used in international trade. To this far, the US dollar has been the common currency being used in the international trade. Unfortunately, due to a single currency, any fluctuation in that currency would affect the entire global trade. This scenario was witnessed during the 2007-2008 economic inflation in the United States which was caused by speculation in the housing mortgages rates. The economic recession in the US then later spread to other economies of the world very fast due to the fact that the US dollar was being used as the common currency for international trade. Importation became expensive for the developing countries and exportation became cheaper. All in all, the goods at the international market appeared expensive since the raw materials imported to produce them were expensive. Many of the developing countries have suffered from this problem since their currencies against the American dollar have been weaker. This has made importation to be very expensive and exported products to attract prices that are not commensurate with the cost of production at the local country. On the contrary, developed countries which have got stronger currencies relative to US dollar have not been adversely affected. They are able to import and export goods and services at very competitive costs or prices. This research proposal seeks to identify how the fluctuation in the foreign currency has been affecting international trade. Problem statement International trade is the only platform where different countries can acquire what they do not produce and also sell what they produce and others do not. In this trade, there is a major element that influences the running of this trade. This is the common currency that used in the trade. The fluctuating rate of the US dollar against other currencies either affects trade positively or negatively. In case of the FX Rate swing in favour of the domestic currency then the rate of the domestic currency will be hiked, and then the exporters have to face severe loss because they got payment in foreign currency but they have to invest domestic currency in order to produce the product materials (Weithers, 2006). Therefore, good performances of the domestic currency fetch losses to the exporters, whereas the importers are benefitted by the good performance of the domestic currency as they have to pay in foreign currencies. On the other hand, in case of domestic currency provides bad performanc es then the exporters are benefitted and the importers have to face monetary losses. Since international trade is there to stay, this means that the global business will continue being affected by the fluctuating foreign exchange rates. Many researches have been done on the impact of variance of forex on international business to establish the extent of the effect of foreign exchange on international trade but a gap still exist on the major effects of foreign exchange rate on international business. It is for this reason that this research proposal seeks to identify the extent to which foreign exchange affects international trade. Research aim and objectives The research aim to detect the risks for the business occurs due to the volatility of FX rate. The main objective of this research is to determine the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuation on international or global business. The specific research objectives were; To understand the factors, which are liable for the fluctuation of FX Rate To find out effective remedies so that the impact of currency fluctuations can be minimized. Research questions Q1: Is there any major impact of volatile nature of FX Market on the international market? Q2: What are the key factors of the volatility in the FX market? Q3. How the impact of the volatile FX Market on global organization can be restrained? Hypothesis Hypothesis of the research are as follows: H0: Volatile FX market has direct impact on the business organizations; specially, the organization doing business internationally. H1: Volatile FX market has not any direct impact on the business organizations Literature review The FX rate is prone to be volatile as there are different factors, which influence rate of foreign exchange. Difference in interest rate, difference in inflation, Current account scarcities, Public debt, term for trading along with the political stability and economic performance of the domestic country are the significant variables of FX market (Wystup, 2006). Because of the different variables the performances of the domestic currency in international market use to fluctuate (Ree, Yoon, Park, 2015). Moreover, the fluctuations of the domestic currency in the international market greatly influence the business of the business organization, especially, the organization, which has exposure in the international market. The profitability of the organization hugely varied because of the FX Rate fluctuations. Even for the FX rate fluctuation the organizations have to face severe monetary losses (Ree, Yoon, Park, 2012). The global players more specifically the firm involve in export or i mport business are mainly affected by the FX Rate fluctuations. A research study done by (Aliyu, 2011) recorded that any increase in foreign exchange led to a corresponding rise in the level of imports and on the other hand, a drop in the amounts of exports. On the contrary, they assert that any depreciation in the foreign exchange rate will make exports cheaper and imports expensive. This will go a long way in discouraging imports and encouraging imports. These two scenarios always lead to diversion of resources to either importing or exporting depending on the favorable side. The effect is wide as it also has an impact on economy of the exporting as well as the importing country. On the same breadth, in his research, (Hossain, 2002) concurs that globalization facilitates trade which in turn affects the amount of exports and imports of a given country. He adds that this also affects the balance of payment of various countries. Other researches done by (Levy Yeyati, 2003) concluded that those nations that have highly flexible forex rate achieve faster economic growth. In Nigeria, (Asher, 2012) did a research about the impact of exchange rate variation on the economy. According to his research findings of the study which spanned ten years, real forex rate did have a positive change on the progress of the economy. A correlation study was also done by (Akpan, 2008) to establish the relationship that exists between economic growth and foreign exchange trends. The results pointed out that there was a strong positive correlation between the two variables. This led to his research conclusion that in deed exchange rate liberalization impacted positively on the economy of Nigeria. (firoozi, 1997) confirmed that there is a correlation when it comes to forex volatility and foreign direct investment. (Duiker and Gorg, 2009) also established that forex between two countries is a core factor in evaluating the foreign direct investment in japan and china. In certain periods in japan, it is recorded that devaluating the foreign exchange in china leads to a positive foreign direct investment in japan. On the same note (Chong and Tan, 2008) also carried out a research on foreign exchange impact on investment and concluded that there is a very close relationship that exist in exchange rate volatility and macroeconomic aspects in the countries found in southeast Asia. There is a negative association between forex volatility on foreign direct investment among European Union countries to those in eastern Europe (Arratibel and Zdzienicka, 2011). (Baek and Okawa, 2001) studied that the strengthening of japanese yen relative to currencies in Asia and America leads to a rise i n foreign direct investment among the manufacturing industries in Asia. (Gorg and Wakelin, 2002) also asserts that direct investment is mostly affected by the volatility of the exchange rates in the united states of America since the common international trade currency is usually the American dollar. The various levels of economic growth which includes strengthening and weakening of the countrys currency has a major effect on the balance of trade of that particular country (Ling et al. 2008; Ibrahim et al. 2014). There have been attempts by some countries to use their own currencies to cause an foreign direct investment inflows from the countries that have less strong currencies (Bleaney and Greenaway, 2001). The key variables that influence the FX rate are, difference interest rate, inflation, interest rate parity, political stability economic performance of domestic nation etc. (Grieb, 2013). Operational definitions and measurement The companies doing business internationally must keep an eye on the FX market as the volatility in FX market can impact on the profitability of the business of these organizations (Reiswich Uwe, 2012). Good performances of the domestic currency fetch losses to the exporters, whereas the importers are benefitted by the good performance of the domestic currency (Kliatskova Mikkelsen, 2015). On the other hand, in case of domestic currency provides bad performances then the exporters are benefitted and the importers have to face monetary losses. Research methodology The quantitative research methodology will be applied in this research so that a widespread understanding can be achieved about FX market volatility (Ong Barkbu, 2010). The data that will be used in this study will be collected from secondary sources such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) global economic growth quarterly releases and major stock exchange markets such as the New York stock exchange. The data will span from 2005 to 2015. The models that will be employed in this study which use economic indicators which are; inflation rates, GDP and exchange rates. To add on, the study will use multiple regression analysis to establish the effect of changes in forex on international trade. Also, ordinary least square estimation technique will also be used. The secondary research help in acquiring the basic ideas and the primary data help in accomplishing the research aim and objectives. Research design Descriptive design has been applied for the research for acquiring deep detail knowledge on the research topic. In any research, the design is usually the framework which directs the processes that are required so as to obtain the apt information that is needed for the research (Cooper Schindler, 2008). This study chooses to use descriptive research design. This type of research design is robust as it ensures exhaustful description of the data so as to make sure that there are no cases of bias in the process of data collection. In some instances inferential statistics will also be used to establish correlation and association between variables. This research study will majorly depend on secondary data. This data will be obtained from the IMF reports and economic journals published by the world bank. Data analysis The data obtained from the secondary sources will be summarised and organized for the purpose of analysis. Various analysis tools such as excel and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) will be employed to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, percentages, variances and so on will be obtained from descriptive statistics analysis. Inferential statistics such as test of significance will be used to make various decisions in hypothesis tests (Kothari , 2004). Dependent and independent variables Dependent variables are the variables than an individual wish to predict, estimate and what is affected when executing the experiment and things that is affected in the experiment. Independent Variable Independent variable is the variable that can be changed and one can control the variables (Rebonato Rebonato, 2004). Description of the expected results Going by the previous researches done on the impact of foreign exchange fluctuation on the global business, we can almost certainly say that the results will not be any different. Less developed countries are expected to experience unfavourable balance of trade due to their week currencies against the US dollar. Many countries will be found to cut on imports since they appear expensive for the local citizens. Exports will also go down but at the same time go down in countries that import raw materials to produce the exports. This in short means that the final conclusion of this research paper will be that fluctuation in foreign exchange rates indeed affects international business to a larger extent. Conclusion, interpretation, and recommendation As per the findings of the research process, the conclusions will be made and further recommendation be suggested to the relevant stakeholders in the economy so that they can have a better insight of the state of affairs when it comes to international trade and how the rate of foreign exchange rate affects whole process (Ree, Yoon, Park, 2015). Grantt chart for research activities from literature review to data analysis. ACTIVITIES WK 1 WK2 WK3 WK4 WK5 WK6 WK7 WK8 WK9 WK10 WK11 WK12 WK13 WK14 LITERATURE REVIEW XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX DATA COLLECTION XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX DATA ANALYSIS XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX FINAL RESEARCH XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX References International Crude Oil Trade . (2013). World Oil Trade,. Akpan, P. L. (2008). Foreign exchange market and economic growth in an emerging petroleum based economy: Evidence from Nigeria (1970-2003). African Economic and Business Review. Aliyu, S. R. (2011). Impact of Oil Price Shock and Exchange Rate Volatility on Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation,. Research Journal of International Studies. Arratibel, O., Furceri, D., Martin, R. (2011). The effect of nominal exchange rate volatility on real macroeconomic performance in the CEE countries. Economic Systems. Asher , O. J. (2012). The Impact of Exchange rate Fluctuation on the Nigeria Economic Growth (1980 2010). Baek, I. M., Okawa, T. (2001). Foreign exchange rates and Japanese foreign direct investment in Asia. Journal of Economics and Business, 69-84. Bleaney, M., Greenaway, D. (2001). The impact of terms of trade and real exchange rate volatility on investment and growth in sub-saharan Africa. Journal of Development Economics,, 491-500. Cooper, D., Schindler, P. (2008). Business Research Methods. International Edition. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill. Firoozi, F. (1997). Multinational FDI and uncertainty: An exposition. Journal of Multinational Financial Management. Gorg, H., Wakelin, K. (2002). The impact of exchange rate volatility on US direct investment. The Manchester School. Grieb, T. (2013). Does FX Volatility Affect the Distributions of Commodity Futures Returns? International Journal of Financial Research. Grimwade , N. (2000). International trade. London: Routledge. Hossain , A. (2002). Exchange Rate Responses to Inflation in Bangladesh,. Washington D.C., IMF Working Paper No. WP/02/XX. Ibrahim, M., Muhammad, K. S., Sayed , F. A. (2014). The Impact of Telecom Services Characteristics on Consumer for Use in Pakistan. Advances in Economics and Business. Kliatskova, T., Mikkelsen. (2015). International Monetary Fund, European Department. Floating with a Load of FX Debt?. Kothari , C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd, Publishers. Ong, L., Barkbu, B. (2010). FX Swaps.: . International Monetary Fund. Rebonato, R. (2004). Volatility and correlation. Chichester, West Sussex, England:. Ree, J., Yoon, K., Park, H. (2012). FX Funding Risks and Exchange Rate VolatilityKoreas Case. IMF Working Papers. Reiswich, D., Uwe, W. (2012). FX Volatility Smile Construction. Wilmott. .58-69. Rodric, D. (2006). The Real Exchange Rate and Economic Growth. Cambridge,: Harvard University. Rosenberg, M. (2003). Exchange-rate determination. New York: McGraw-Hill. Weithers, T. (2006). Foreign exchange. Wystup, U. (2006). FX options and structured products. . Chichester, England. Yuen-Ling, N., Wai-Mun, H., Geio-Mie, T. (2003). Real exchange rate and trade balance relationship. International journal of business and management.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Neoliberalism and Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Neoliberalism and Globalization. Answer: Introduction Globalization is defined as integration of worlds economy with ones. The expansion of market has created free movement of goods and services. The imposition of free market policies in the year 1980s was the most talked about issue. The phenomenon of globalization is beyond integration of economy but perhaps seen as social economic interchange. Neo liberal is the late name of the famous movement of globalization (Beck, 2015; Pieterse, 2015). The term neo liberalization includes the following facts: Liberation of free enterprise or private enterprise from any external force. Neoliberalism focus on creating a free market for the people in order to conduct trade conveniently. Free trade practice creates a better environment that helps in conducting trade. Cutting down of the public expenditure for the purpose of social services. This has further reduced the rate associated with the public expenditure. Deregulation Privatization is the overall purpose of Neoliberalism. It purposes to create a free market for the economies to attain a desired growth. The purpose of neoliberalism is due to the new economic policies framework in 1980s Eliminating the concept of public or community goods in order to gain market growth Advantages of neoliberalism Neoliberalism is referred as an idea associated with Laiseez-faire economic liberalism. It includes extensive economic liberalization policies. These economic practices include extensive economic liberalization policy such as privatization, fiscal strictness, deregulation, free trade, and reductions in government spending. These economic practices thereby help in increasing the role of the private sector in the economy. The market-based practices have stimulated that comprise of a shift in pattern (Ong, 2006). Since 1990, the economies were giving stress on increasing the rate of economic growth. Economic development is a wider concept that includes not only the economic growth but a lot of institutional changes. Growth is only possible with the help of development. Economic growth is only possible through improvement in the GDP. Hence it has become important to pay attention on various activities relevant to the economic growth and development (Saad-Filho and Johnston, 2005). Since World War II there has been clear reduction in the trade barriers and the tariff quotas. The relaxation in the Trade barriers has positively affected the GDP. It is only due to the development in the trade agreement like GATT, WTO who has a purpose to reduce the overall trade barriers. These treaties have affected the way of doing business. The trade has subsequently increased due to these treaties. The GATT WTO as seem are an outcome of the neoliberal movement. These treaties have however revoked the trade barriers that existed previously global trade has increased linearly due to these trade arrangements. The economic neoliberalism has supported FDI which is largely considered as a reason for international trade. The presence of FDI has increased drastically causing a positive change in the economy (Giroux, 2004). One of the general attribute of neoliberalism is the aspiration to strengthen and develop the market. This is achieved through increasing the number, incidence, repeatability, and formalization of dealings. Overall purpose of neoliberalism is to attain possible action of every individual in a market to be carried out in rivalry with other. It is essential from the point of view of the transactions that are carried in an infinitely short time and repeated again. An expansion in the market space is guided in a way it helps in managing a large market economy. They are looking for new area in the market to explore. The focus over the property during the classic and market liberalism era is replaced by an emphasis on the contract (Jessop, 2002). The process of Contract maximalisation is a typical neoliberal concept. The period of contract was reduced in the labor market due an increase in frequency of contract. Free trade agreement is a form of document that helps in abolition of tariffs or international limitation. One of the advantages of neo-liberalism is to abolish the restriction in the trade practice. Neoliberalism encourages free trade between the economies that allows integration of market. Globalization is known by the name of neo-liberalization. It is due to Neoliberalism the countries worldwide are able to share the culture and economy (Giroux, 2015). Another concept in the neoliberal market is related to automated trading and creation of virtual market. In the neoliberal sense the automated trading has led to intensification of transaction. This expansion in the activity means that the neoliberal societies are more open. The modern neo liberals are more focused on creating link. This attitude used by neoliberal is called as connectionists. It is due to the expansion in the scope of contract the transaction cost plays an important role. The cost of competition intensifies the transaction. The overall process of neo-liberalism has reached to a level that threatens the existing economy (Hall, Massey and Rustin, 2015). It is important to notice that the growth n the field of financial sector is due to neoliberal character apart from any inherent shift. The entire sector is based on the transaction cost. It is almost non-existent in a centrally planned economy. This has already created a demand in the market in financial sector. An increase in the sector and office employment is in direct contradiction which more or less creates a free market. The speed of trading has increased due to neoliberalism. The overall market is moving at a fast speed. The automated functions have created an efficient market by increasing the trade volume (Davies, 2014). Criticism of neoliberalism The small, medium a bigger enterprise are now pushed out of the market as they were performing below par. The public sector was slimmed from its profitable part while handling over to the private sector. The small size business was affected by the changes in the market. Few argued that there has been a false correlation between economic growth and secured employment. It is believed that there will be badly paid jobs in the market. All the new form of private property is creating a predatory form of appropriation. The continuous destruction of welfare state has affected the individual in order to provide necessity and time. The economy is highly reliable on less reliable services than the privately own state (Peck, 2013). The market fundamentalism is one of the disadvantages of neoliberalism. The free market ignores the importance of health and education. By adopting the free market in these two areas would create inequalities. This will further cause under provision of an institution that is important for the long term investment (Streeck, 2014). It will further state that the neoliberal policies have further widened the inequalities. It is due to several factors like skilled workers. Those firms who have more power were able to increase producer surplus. The firms with the monpsony power were able to limit the wage growth. The capital deregulation has not necessarily helped in the economic development this has accompanied in increasing the financial instability. This has caused a wider financial economic shock. A report on the Neoliberalism has increased the risk of adverse cycles. Economic growth is only possible through improvement in the GDP. Hence it has become important to pay attention on various activities relevant to the economic growth and development (Hirst, Thompson and Bromley, 2015). Recommendations and Conclusion There are three main problems that are associated with neoliberalism. There is a widening gap between poor and rich, increase in the unemployment rate and ill effects of globalization. The government of economies should take proper measures to solve the issue by taking care of the market they need to create better employment opportunities for the local people. This will somehow help in managing the situation. To conclude there has been an ample of support regarding the notion that influences the liberal economy theory. The economic policies that were adopted from 1970 are the part of an attempt to gain economic gain. Globalization is considered as a different concept from neoliberalism. The concept of neoliberalism is seen from the point of view of economic development. The essay however warns readers against the shift of economy towards a deregulated one. This will however decrease the concept of welfare state. The whole essay make a distinction as it was promised that the purpose of neoliberalism is to provide benefit to each individual but there were disparities. The disparities in the implementation can be seen later on by the small, developing countries. These countries were mostly inhabited by the small and medium sized business. The neoliberalism has a worldwide impact on the policy making. References Beck, U., 2015.What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Davies, W., 2014.The limits of neoliberalism: Authority, sovereignty and the logic of competition. Sage. Giroux, H.A., 2004.The Terror of Neoliberalism: Authoritarianism and the Eclipse of Democracy. Paradigm Publishers Giroux, H.A., 2015.Against the terror of neoliberalism: Politics beyond the age of greed. Routledge. Hall, S., Massey, D. and Rustin, M., 2015.After Neoliberalism?. Lawrence Wishart. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Jessop, B., 2002. Liberalism, neoliberalism, and urban governance: A statetheoretical perspective.Antipode,34(3), pp.452-472. Ong, A., 2006.Neoliberalism as exception: Mutations in citizenship and sovereignty. Duke University Press. Peck, J., 2013. Explaining (with) neoliberalism.Territory, Politics, Governance,1(2), pp.132-157. Pieterse, J.N., 2015.Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield. Saad-Filho, A. and Johnston, D., 2005.Neoliberalism: A critical reader. University of Chicago Press. Streeck, W., 2014. The politics of public debt: Neoliberalism, capitalist development and the restructuring of the state.German Economic Review,15(1), pp.143-165.